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§ 8—ANUND, EMUND AND ADALBERT. 77 
{021 A.D.—1022 A.D., he had been king for nearly thirty 
years since his father died, but he was, if the story is cor- 
rect, only forty-two years old. He was thus probably older 
in years than the other prominent kings of this period— 
the two Norwegian Olafs and Knut—who may all be sup- 
posed to have been about forty at the dates of their deaths. 
The short reigns of some, and the early deaths of most, of 
these kings contrast with the long lives of the lagmen and 
of the bishops, so that we can readily see how it was that a 
quiet order in Church and State might continue and make 
progress, while the nominal rulers, after a brilliant display 
of force, passed away and left less definite results behind 
them. Two things Sweden seems to have acquired in the 
reign of Olof, the use of money coined in the country 
instead of in England or elsewhere (S. H.Y, Vol. i., p. 261), 
and the use of letters for correspondence. The first 
instance recorded in the Sagas of written private letters. 
instead of verbal messages and tokens, is in the correspond- 
ence of Olof’s daughter, Ingegerd, with Jarl Ragnvald, and 
his wife, Ingeborg, about her projected marriage with 
Haraldson (St. O. S., ch. 71). Of course, the clergy had 
long been accustomed to write letters, and, on this account, 
were constantly used as ambassadors. The later futhorc 
of sixteen runes had probably heen in use on monuments 
from the latter part of the ninth century, and was, I 
presume, the one used by Ingegerd.2 
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} 8. —ACCESSION OF ANUND JAKOB (1021 A.D.—1050 A.D.) 
Olof of Sweden was succeeded about the year 1021 A.D. 
(St. 0. S. ch, 120) by his son, Anund Jakob, who, accord- 
ing to Adam, ‘was superior to all his predecessors in 
wisdom and piety: no king being more loved by the 
Swedish people than Anund”’ (Adam: ch. 94). He had 
2 long and fairly quiet reign of some thirty years, in the 
2 The letters on Olof’s coins are, however, like those on 
Ethelred’s, of Anglo-Saxon type, not runes (S. H.1, figs. 330, 
349). The new edition of S. H. has considerably more on this 
subject of coinage.